Author Capstone Axis

Chemical Reactions of Amines 🎯 Amines love to react because their nitrogen atom carries a lone-pair, making them eager nucleophiles. The N–H bond is also quite polar, and primary amines form strong H-bonds, so their boiling points rise compared with similar alkanes 🌡️:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}. 1  Basic character 🚩 Amines grab protons from acids and give you […]

Physical Properties of Amines 🚀 1 · Physical State & Odour 🐟 Lower aliphatic amines are pungent, fish-smelling gases. Primary amines with ≥ 3 carbon atoms become liquids, and still larger ones form solids. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} Aniline and most arylamines start out colourless but pick up colour on standing as air slowly oxidises them. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} 2 · Solubility 💧 Small-chain

💡 Preparation of Amines – Quick & Cheerful Notes Hey future doctor! 🙌 Let’s explore six super-important ways to make amines, the nitrogen-containing buddies that pop up all over biochemistry. We’ll keep things light, clear, and exam-focused. 1. Reduction of Nitro Compounds 🔽 Blast a nitro group with hydrogen over finely divided Ni, Pd, or Pt to

Common vs IUPAC names: ethylamine → ethanamine 🏷️:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} Use of N-locant for groups on nitrogen: N-methylethanamine ✏️:contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} Numbering when several –NH2 groups appear: ethane-1,2-diam​ine 🔢:contentReference[oaicite:2]{index=2} Aromatic amines: aniline = benzenamine 🛑➡️🧪:contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3} 📝 1. Classifying Amines Replace one, two, or three hydrogen atoms in ammonia ($\text{NH}_3$) with alkyl or aryl groups ($\text{R}$ or $\text{Ar}$) and you

Amines – Quick Classification Guide 😊 In amines, the nitrogen atom is sp3-hybridized, giving the molecule a cute pyramid shape. The H‒N‒H (or C‒N‒C) angle is a little squished—about 108° instead of the perfect 109.5° you see in a tetrahedron.:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} 1️⃣ How Amines Are Classified Primary (1°): Just one hydrogen in ammonia is swapped for

Meet Amines 😃 Amines form when we swap one, two, or all three hydrogens in ammonia (NH3) with alkyl or aryl groups. They pop up in proteins, vitamins, alkaloids, hormones, polymers, dyes, and many medicines like adrenaline, ephedrine (raise blood pressure), Novocain (dental anaesthetic), and Benadryl (antihistamine). Quaternary ammonium salts work as surfactants, while diazonium

Quick Overview 🔎 Carboxylic acids belong to the carbonyl-family of molecules. Their polarity makes them boil at higher temperatures than similar-sized hydrocarbons or ethers. Lower acids mingle with water through hydrogen-bonding, while longer chains avoid water but dissolve in common organic solvents. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} Everyday & Industrial Uses 🛠️ Methanoic acid \( \mathrm{HCO_2H} \) — keeps

Carboxylic Acids — Chemical Reactions Made Easy 🧪 1. Why They’re Acidic 🔥 Carboxylic acids donate a proton to water: $$\text{RCOOH} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \;\rightleftharpoons\; \text{RCOO}^- + \text{H}_3\text{O}^+$$ :contentReference[oaicite:22]{index=22} Their acid strength is expressed by pKa: $$pK_a = -\log K_a$$ Smaller pKa ⇒ stronger acid. Strong (< 1), moderately strong (1–5), weak (5–15), very weak (>

Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids 1 · State and Odour 😷 Aliphatic acids with up to nine carbon atoms are colourless liquids at room temperature and smell pretty unpleasant. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} Bigger (higher-member) acids turn wax-like and almost odour-free because they don’t evaporate much. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} 2 · Boiling Point 🔥 Carboxylic acids boil at higher temperatures than aldehydes, ketones, and

8.7 — Smart Ways to Make Carboxylic Acids 🚀 Need a –COOH group? Choose the shortcut that fits your starting material and dive in! Every route below pops up often in competitive exams, so mastering them means quick marks. 🙌 1. Start with a Primary Alcohol or an Aldehyde 🍷 ➡️ 🧴 Add KMnO4, K2Cr2O7,