Author Capstone Axis

Inheritance of Two Genes (Dihybrid Cross) 🌱 1. The classic pea experiment Parents Yellow-round seeds (RRYY) ✨ Green-wrinkled seeds (rryy) 🍃 Gametes formed: RY and ry. Fertilisation made an F1 hybrid RrYy, and every F1 seed looked yellow + round. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} When Mendel self-pollinated F1 plants, four kinds of F2 seeds appeared in the famous […]

Inheritance of One Gene 🧬 1. Mendel’s Classic Monohybrid Cross 🌿 Mendel crossed tall pea plants (TT) with dwarf plants (tt). Every F1 seedling grew tall, showing that the tall trait (T) dominates the dwarf trait (t). :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} F1 genotype: Tt (all tall) F2 phenotypes after self-pollinating Tt × Tt: 3 tall : 1 dwarf

Unit 4.1 – Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance 🌱 1 Gregor Mendel’s Ground-breaking Work 🧑‍🌾 Mendel performed systematic hybridisation experiments on garden pea (Pisum sativum) for seven seasons (1856 – 1863), recording thousands of plants and analysing the results with statistics 📊 :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}. His large sample size and repeated crosses across generations gave universal rules rather

Infertility 👶❓ Infertility means a couple cannot have a baby even after regular, unprotected sex. It affects many families worldwide. Understanding the reasons and the available help can turn worry into hope! 🧡 :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} Why Can’t Conception Happen? 🤔 Physical challenges – problems in the reproductive organs. Congenital issues – conditions present from birth. Diseases

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) 😊 What are STIs? STIs are illnesses that spread mainly through sexual contact. You might also hear them called venereal diseases (VD) or reproductive-tract infections (RTI). They include well-known names like gonorrhoea and syphilis, along with newer worries such as HIV-AIDS.:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} Common STIs you should know 👍 Gonorrhoea Syphilis Genital herpes

Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) 🩺 Medical termination of pregnancy means ending a pregnancy on purpose before full term :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}. About 45–50 million such procedures happen worldwide every year—roughly one-fifth of all pregnancies! :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} Why choose MTP? 🤔 Unplanned pregnancy after unprotected sex or failed contraception Pregnancy resulting from sexual assault Situations where continuing the pregnancy

Population Stabilisation & Birth Control – Quick Notes Population Stabilisation & Birth Control 🚼 Why Do We Need to Stabilise the Population? 📊 Better health care and living conditions pushed the world’s head-count from 2 billion (1900) to 6 billion (2000) and 7.2 billion (2011). India’s crowd jumped from roughly 350 million at independence to

Reproductive Health – Problems & Strategies 😊 1. What does “reproductive health” mean? Reproductive health is total well-being—physical, emotional, behavioural and social—in every aspect of reproduction 💖. The World Health Organization (WHO) stresses that a community enjoys true reproductive health when its people have fully functional reproductive organs and show healthy, respectful interactions in all

Parturition & Lactation – Easy Notes 🤱 1. Gestation Period ⏳ The time from fertilisation to birth in humans is about 9 months; this span is called the gestation period :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}. 2. Parturition (Childbirth) 🚼 Trigger: Near term, the fully grown baby and placenta send signals that begin gentle uterine tightenings known as the foetal ejection

Pregnancy and Embryonic Development 🍼 1. Implantation 🌱 After a series of divisions, the blastocyst reaches the uterus. Its outer layer—the trophoblast—attaches to the thick uterine lining (endometrium). Rapid growth of nearby uterine cells then buries the blastocyst inside the lining. This embedding step is called implantation and marks the start of pregnancy. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} 2.