Author Capstone Axis

Chapter 3: Motion in a Plane 3.1 Introduction In this chapter, we’ll explore how to describe motion in two dimensions using vectors. Unlike motion along a straight line (where direction is just + or -), motion in a plane requires vectors to represent quantities like displacement, velocity, and acceleration. We’ll also study projectile motion and […]

Motion in a Plane Introduction When we talk about motion in a straight line, we can use simple signs like + and – to show direction. But in two dimensions (like a plane) or three dimensions (like space), we need something more powerful: vectors. Vectors help us describe quantities that have both size (magnitude) and

Kinematic Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Motion Key Equations For an object moving with constant acceleration, the following equations relate displacement, time, velocity, and acceleration: Final velocity: \( v = v_0 + at \) Displacement: \( x = x_0 + v_0 t + \frac{1}{2} a t^2 \) Velocity-displacement relation: \( v^2 = v_0^2 + 2a(x –

Understanding Acceleration and Motion 1. Instantaneous Velocity When an object moves, its velocity at any exact moment is called instantaneous velocity. To find it: Calculate the average velocity over smaller and smaller time intervals (\Delta t). The limiting value of \(\frac{\Delta x}{\Delta t} as \Delta t \to 0\) gives the instantaneous velocity: v = \frac{dx}{dt}.

Atomic Models and Structure 🔍 Discovery of Subatomic Particles Scientists found that atoms contain smaller particles: Protons (+ charge) were discovered in 1919 as the smallest positive ions from hydrogen gas. Neutrons (no charge) were found by Chadwick in 1932 by hitting beryllium with α-particles. They’re slightly heavier than protons. Particle Symbol Charge (C) Mass

Motion in a Straight Line 2.1 Introduction Motion is everywhere! From walking and cycling to blood flowing in our bodies, leaves falling, and even the Earth moving around the Sun—everything is in motion. Motion means an object’s position changes over time. In this chapter, we’ll focus on rectilinear motion, which is motion along a straight

Dimensional Analysis and Its Applications Dimensions of Physical Quantities Every physical quantity has dimensions, which describe its nature. These dimensions are based on seven fundamental quantities: Length [L] Mass [M] Time [T] Electric current [A] Thermodynamic temperature [K] Luminous intensity [cd] Amount of substance [mol] For example: Volume has dimensions \([L^3]\), because it’s length ×

Understanding Dimensions in Physics What Are Dimensions? Dimensions describe the nature of a physical quantity. Every physical quantity can be expressed using combinations of seven base dimensions: Length [L] Mass [M] Time [T] Electric current [A] Thermodynamic temperature [K] Luminous intensity [cd] Amount of substance [mol] For example, volume is derived from length cubed, so

Dimensions of Physical Quantities What Are Dimensions? Dimensions describe the nature of a physical quantity. Every physical quantity can be expressed in terms of seven fundamental dimensions: Length [L] Mass [M] Time [T] Electric current [A] Thermodynamic temperature [K] Luminous intensity [cd] Amount of substance [mol] Dimensions are written inside square brackets [ ]. For

Understanding Significant Figures When we measure something, there’s always a tiny bit of uncertainty. Significant figures help us show how precise a measurement is by including all the reliable digits plus the first uncertain one. For example, if you measure a pendulum’s period as 1.62 seconds, “1” and “6” are certain, while “2” is uncertain—so