Author Capstone Axis

Specific Heat Capacity 🌡️ Imagine heating some water on a stove. The hotter it gets, the faster the bubbles dance! 🔥 Experiments show that the heat needed to warm anything depends on three things: mass (m), temperature rise (ΔT), and the kind of stuff you’re heating. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} Heat Capacity ( S ) \( S = […]

🌡️ Thermal Expansion – Handy Notes Heat makes most things grow in size and cooling makes them shrink. You’ve seen it: a tight metal lid loosens after a dip in hot water, or a 🎈 balloon swells in the sun. This size-change is called thermal expansion :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}. 1. Three Ways Things Expand 🤔 📏 Linear

Ideal-Gas Equation & Absolute Temperature – Student-Friendly Notes Ideal-Gas Equation & Absolute Temperature 🤓 Let’s explore how gases behave at low density and how this leads to an absolute temperature scale that starts at 0 K. Buckle up—this is surprisingly fun! 🚀 1. How a Low-Density Gas Behaves The key variables are pressure (P), volume

Measurement of Temperature 🚀 1. Heat and Temperature — spot the difference! 🔥🌡️ Heat is energy that moves from a hotter body to a colder one whenever there is a temperature gap — that’s why an ice cube chills your drink and a cup of tea warms your hands. The energy is measured in joules

Temperature & Heat – Quick Notes 🚀 1. Heat vs Temperature 🔥 Heat is the energy that flows from a hotter body to a colder one whenever there’s a temperature difference — it’s measured in joules (J), while temperature itself is measured in kelvin (K) or the familiar degree Celsius (°C) :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}. 2. Measuring Temperature 🌡️

Feeling the Heat 🔥 – Key Ideas Temperature tells us how hot or cold something is 🌡️. A boiling kettle feels hotter than a box of ice because its temperature is higher :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}. Relative scale: “Hot” and “cold” are like “tall” and “short” — they only make sense when you compare two objects ❄️/🔥 :contentReference[oaicite:3]{index=3}.

Surface Tension 💧 Have you noticed how water beads up on a waxy leaf 🌿 while oil spreads across a pan? This magic comes from surface tension, the tendency of a liquid’s surface to behave like a stretched elastic skin.:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} 1. Why does a liquid have surface tension? Inside the liquid, every molecule feels friendly

Viscosity — Friendly Notes What is viscosity? Fluids fight motion because their layers rub against one another. This internal friction is called viscosity. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} Honey needs more push than oil in the same setup, so honey is “thicker” (more viscous). :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} Seeing the idea Picture two glass plates with a thin oil film between them. The

Bernoulli’s Principle – Friendly Notes 1. Flow Basics A fluid in smooth, steady motion forms streamlines. Two streamlines never cross, so a particle always follows one clear path. If you slice the flow with imaginary cross-sections, the same amount of fluid crosses each slice every second. For an incompressible fluid, the product of area and

Streamline Flow – Ready-to-Read Notes 1. What is “steady” or streamline flow? When you open a tap gently, water glides out in smooth, well-behaved layers. At any fixed point the speed of each tiny water blob stays the same with time, although blobs at different points can move at different speeds. The smooth path traced