Author Capstone Axis

Specific Heat Capacity 🚀 1. Quick Recap of Heat & Work 🔥 When a gas pushes a piston, the work it does is \( \Delta W = P\Delta V \) :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}. The energy balance (First Law) reads \( \Delta Q = \Delta U + P\Delta V \)  (11.3) :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}. 2. Heat Capacity Basics 📏 Heat […]

First Law of Thermodynamics & Heat Capacity 🎈 1. Changing a System’s Internal Energy 🏋️‍♂️🔥 A gas in a cylinder can gain or lose internal energy in two simple ways :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}: Heat flow: Touch the cylinder with something hotter ➜ energy (heat) rushes in. Mechanical work: Push the piston down (or let it push up)

🔥 Heat, Internal Energy & Work 1 – Temperature tells heat where to go 🌡️ When two bodies touch, energy (heat) always flows from the hotter one to the colder one until they reach the same temperature – that’s thermal equilibrium. Temperature is simply our “hotness scale.” :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} 2 – Meet internal energy (U) 🏃‍♂️🎢 Inside any material

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics 🤓🔥 Imagine two gas containers separated by a special wall. When the wall blocks heat (an adiabatic wall), nothing flows between the gases, so any pressure–volume pair \((P_A,V_A)\) happily co-exists with any pair \((P_B,V_B)\). Swap that wall for a heat-conducting one (a diathermic wall) and energy rushes across until both gases settle into new states

Thermal Equilibrium & the Zeroth Law 😊 1. Thermodynamics in One Minute Thermodynamics explores heat, temperature, and how heat turns into other kinds of energy. It speaks the language of whole systems using variables such as pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), mass, and composition. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} While mechanics follows motion, thermodynamics focuses on what’s happening inside a

11.1 Introduction 🌡️ Thermodynamics studies how heat and work swap places with one another inside real-world systems — like the warmth you feel when you rub your hands together, or the push that hot steam gives to a train’s pistons :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}. Historically people pictured heat as a mysterious “caloric” fluid, but Count Rumford’s 1798 cannon-boring

Newton’s Law of Cooling 🌡️ 1. Cool-down story Imagine pouring hot water into a cup. At first the water steams, but minute by minute it cools until it matches the room temperature. The bigger the temperature gap, the faster the drop! 🔥➡️❄️ :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} 2. The Law in One Line Newton’s law of cooling says the

Heat Transfer — Quick & Fun Notes 😎🔥 Heat moves whenever there’s a temperature difference. It travels in three distinct ways: Conduction 🧱 Convection 🌬️ Radiation ☀️ 1 · Conduction 🧱➡️🧊 Conduction is particle-to-particle energy transfer inside a solid, or between solids in contact. Picture one end of a metal rod in a flame; the other end

Change of State 🌡️ – Quick Notes 1. States of Matter & Their Transitions Solid → Liquid ❄️ to 💧: called melting / fusion. Liquid → Solid 💧 to ❄️: called freezing. Liquid → Gas 💧 to 💨: called vaporization. Solid ⇄ Gas ❄️⇄💨 (no liquid step): called sublimation (e.g., dry ice, iodine). During each change the temperature stays flat—even

Calorimetry 🔥 – Your Friendly Guide 1. What’s Happening? In an isolated system no heat sneaks in or out. When some parts feel hotter than others, heat races from the hotter part to the cooler one until everyone settles at the same temperature 🧊. That simple race obeys a golden rule: \( Q_{\text{lost (hot)}} =