Author Capstone Axis

Biological Evolution 🌿 Snapshot 🚀 Life really started evolving once the first cells with different ways of making energy popped up. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} Natural selection (nature’s talent show) and branching descent (family-tree style splitting) form the twin pillars of Darwin’s idea. “Fitness” = how well a heritable trait helps an organism survive & make babies in […]

Adaptive Radiation: Nature’s Way of Spreading Out 🌟 ⚡ What It Means Adaptive radiation happens when one ancestral species reaches a new place, then quickly “fans out,” giving rise to many new species—each one settling into its own niche in the area. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} 🐦 Darwin’s Finches – A Classic Example On the Galápagos Islands, Charles

Why We’re Sure Evolution Happened 💡 Life shows huge built-in variety. Individuals with traits that let them leave more young win the “survival game,” so those traits spread. Darwin called this natural selection, and Alfred Wallace reached the same idea too. Over deep time (billions of years!) this steady filtering has produced the dazzling range

Evolution of Life Forms – A Friendly Guide 😃 Right from single-celled beginnings to today’s dazzling biodiversity, life has changed step by step. Below is the core story of how those changes happen and why some organisms thrive while others fade away.:contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} 1 🌟 “Special Creation” – the idea that got challenged Fixed species: Every kind

🌌 Chapter 6.1 – Origin of Life 1. From Bang to Blue Planet 💥🌍 About 20 billion years ago a colossal Big Bang launched the universe. Galaxies, then stars, formed as the hot gas cooled. Our own Earth took shape roughly 4.5 billion years ago. Early Earth was a fiery ball with no air; instead, it

DNA Fingerprinting – Quick & Clear Notes 🧬 1. Why compare our DNA at all? 🤔 Humans share about 99.9 % of their DNA sequence. The remaining 0.1 %—roughly \(0.1\% \times 3 \times 10^{9} = 3 \times 10^{6}\) base-pairs—creates the unique blueprint that distinguishes one person from another. DNA fingerprinting lets us zoom straight into those variable

Human Genome Project: Quick & Friendly Notes 🧬 1. Why Map the Human Genome? Every trait you see (and many you don’t) comes from the order of bases in our DNA. If two people differ, their base sequences differ somewhere too. Reading the entire sequence helps us spot every difference and understand what it means.

Regulation of Gene Expression 🧬 Cells selectively switch genes on or off so they make the right proteins at the right time. Eukaryotes regulate genes at four checkpoints: transcription, RNA processing, mRNA transport, and translation. :contentReference[oaicite:10]{index=10} 1 Levels of Control in Eukaryotes 🏗️ Transcriptional control – the cell decides whether to start the primary transcript.

🚀 Translation – Making Proteins One Amino Acid at a Time Translation is polymerisation of amino acids into a polypeptide chain. The sequence of amino acids follows the base sequence of mRNA, and each new amino acid joins by a 💪 peptide bond. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} 1. “Charging” the tRNA 🔋 Every amino acid first activates in

Genetic Code – Quick & Friendly Notes 😊 Why do cells need a code? 🧬➡️🧑‍🔬 The recipe for each protein is written in RNA letters (A, U, G, C). Because amino acids and nucleotides do not pair up directly, cells invented a genetic code to translate the four-letter RNA language into a twenty-letter amino-acid vocabulary.