Kidney Tubule Functions: Making Urine & Balancing Your Body ⏱️ Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) Your kidneys filter about 125 ml of fluid every minute (that’s 180 liters per day!). This is called GFR. If GFR drops, special cells (juxtaglomerular apparatus/JGA) release renin to boost blood flow and restore normal filtration. 💧 🔁 Reabsorption vs. Secretion […]
Human Excretory System Notes 🌟 🧩 What Makes Up the System? Your excretory system includes: 2 kidneys (bean-shaped, reddish-brown) 2 ureters (tubes) 1 urinary bladder (storage sac) 1 urethra (exit tube) 🎯 Kidney Details Location & Size: Sit near the back of your belly, between the last rib and lower spine Each is 10-12 cm
Kidney Structure & Nephrons 🧠 Key parts of a nephron: Afferent arteriole → brings blood into the glomerulus Glomerulus → ball of capillaries where filtration starts Bowman’s capsule → cups around glomerulus to collect filtrate Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) → first coiled tube after Bowman’s capsule Henle’s loop → U-shaped with descending & ascending limbs
Blood Circulation Pathways 🛣️ Let’s track the blood’s journey through your body: Systemic Circulation: Oxygen-rich blood → Left ventricle → Aorta → Body organs Oxygen-poor blood returns via vena cava → Right atrium Pulmonary Circulation: Oxygen-poor blood → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs Oxygen-rich blood returns via pulmonary veins → Left atrium Special
Chapter 15 / 15.6 Disorders of Circulatory System Read More »
Regulation of Cardiac Activity ❤️ How the Heart Controls Itself (Intrinsic Regulation) The heart regulates its own activity automatically through special muscles called nodal tissue! This is why we call it myogenic (muscle-originated). 🧠 How the Brain Helps (Extrinsic Regulation) A special control center in the medulla oblongata (base of your brain) fine-tunes heart function
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Body Fluids and Circulation: Key Notes 💓 Electrocardiogram (ECG) An ECG uses 3 electrical leads (attached to wrists and left ankle) to track heart activity. Each peak in an ECG has a letter that shows a specific heart action: P-wave = Atria excitation (makes atria contract) QRS complex = Ventricles excitation (starts ventricular contraction →
Lymph (Tissue Fluid) When blood flows through tiny capillaries in your tissues, some water and small water-soluble substances leak out into the spaces between your cells 🚰. This fluid is called interstitial fluid or tissue fluid. It has the same minerals as blood plasma but leaves behind large proteins and blood cells in the vessels.
Body Fluids and Circulation 💧 Lymph (Tissue Fluid) When blood flows through tiny capillaries in your tissues, water and small nutrients leak out into spaces between your cells. This fluid is called tissue fluid or interstitial fluid. It helps exchange oxygen, nutrients, and waste between blood and cells. Your lymphatic system (a network of vessels)
Chapter 15: Body Fluids and Circulation 15.1 Blood Blood is a special connective tissue that transports nutrients, oxygen, and removes waste. It’s made of: 💧 Plasma (fluid matrix) 🔴 Formed elements (cells and fragments) 15.1.1 Plasma Straw-colored, sticky fluid making up 55% of blood: 🔹 90–92% water 🔹 6–8% proteins: Fibrinogen: Helps blood clot 🩸
How Carbon Dioxide Travels in Your Blood 🩸 CO₂ from tissues binds to hemoglobin (forming carbamino-haemoglobin), then gets released in the lungs. Red blood cells contain lots of carbonic anhydrase enzyme (a little in plasma too!). This enzyme helps CO₂ and water transform back and forth like this: \( \text{CO}_2 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightleftharpoons{\text{Carbonic anhydrase}} \text{H}_2\text{CO}_3
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