Author Capstone Axis

Biotechnological Applications in Medicine 🤖 Why this matters Recombinant-DNA techniques let us mass-produce safe, human-identical drugs that sidestep allergy problems seen with animal products. About 30 recombinant medicines are approved worldwide, and 12 are already sold in India.👏 :contentReference[oaicite:11]{index=11} 1. Genetically Engineered Insulin 🩸 Human insulin contains two short chains—A and B—joined by disulfide bridges […]

🌾 What is Biotechnology doing for our farms? Biotechnology uses living things (or the enzymes they make) to boost food production and quality. Researchers focus on three big jobs: (1) finding or creating the best biological catalyst, (2) giving that catalyst perfect working conditions, and (3) cleaning up (down-stream processing) to get the final product

Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology 🧬 Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology follows a logical, step-by-step path—just like assembling LEGO® bricks—to turn a gene of interest into a useful protein product. Here’s the journey in friendly, bite-sized chunks! :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} 1. Isolation of Genetic Material (DNA) 🔍 Cells are gently “popped open” using enzyme helpers—lysozyme for bacteria, cellulase

🚀 Quick Overview Recombinant-DNA work relies on five superstar tools: restriction enzymes, DNA ligase, polymerase enzymes, cloning vectors, and a competent host cell. Together they let us cut, paste, copy, and carry any gene we want into bacteria, plants, or animals :contentReference[oaicite:21]{index=21}. 🛠️ The Main Tools ✂️ Restriction Enzymes – the molecular scissors First noticed

Principles of Biotechnology 🌱🔬 What is Biotechnology? Biotechnology uses living organisms or their enzymes to make things people need—think of everyday delights like curd, bread, or wine 🍞🧀. Modern biotechnology now focuses on genetically-modified organisms (GMOs) and high-tech methods such as test-tube babies, DNA vaccines, and gene therapy 🧬. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} A crisp one-liner you should

Microbes as Biofertilisers 🌱 Biofertilisers are living helpers that boost the soil’s nutrient content instead of polluting it with chemicals. They fit perfectly with organic farming and cut down our dependence on synthetic fertilisers. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} Why switch to biofertilisers? 🌍 Chemical fertilisers add to environmental pollution. Overuse of chemicals harms helpful soil life and degrades

Microbes as Biocontrol Agents 🌿 Biocontrol means using living organisms—mainly useful insects, bacteria, fungi, or even viruses—to keep plant diseases and pests under control. This approach protects crops while avoiding the toxic side-effects of chemical insecticides, pesticides, and weedicides, which can pollute soil, groundwater, fruits, and vegetables. :contentReference[oaicite:16]{index=16} Why pick biology over chemicals? 🚫🧪 Chemical

Biogas: Nature’s Bubbly Fuel 🔥 Biogas is a fuel-ready mix of gases, mostly methane, created when certain microbes feast on organic waste in air-free (anaerobic) tanks. :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0} 1️⃣ Meet the Micro-Champions Methanogens – a group of bacteria that thrive without oxygen and turn cellulosic scraps into methane + CO2 + H2. :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1} The superstar species

Microbes in Sewage Treatment 🦠💧 Why Treat Sewage? Cities and towns pour out huge volumes of waste-water (sewage) every day, most of it human excreta loaded with organic matter and many disease-causing microbes. Directly dumping this mix into rivers would spread pollution and illness, so we rely on sewage-treatment plants (STPs) to clean it first.

“`html Microbes in Industrial Products 🧑‍🔬 Friendly microbes work hard for us in industry! Inside giant fermentors, they change cheap raw materials into valuable goodies like drinks, medicines, and specialty chemicals :contentReference[oaicite:0]{index=0}. 🍷 1. Fermented Beverages Brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) turns malted cereals or fruit juices into ethanol :contentReference[oaicite:1]{index=1}. Wine and beer come straight from fermentation (no